Knowledge of the reproductive biology of fish is essential for the local fish population management in marine protected areas. The objective of the present study is to determine the sex ratio, reproductive period, and sexual maturity size classes of the blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) in the marine protected area of Niamone-Kalounayes, located in Casamance, Senegal. A total of 471 individuals including 305 females and 166 males were sampled from June 2021 to July 2022, using an experimental beach seine (250 m long, 25 mm side mesh). The sex ratio (M: F = 1. 0: 1. 8) was in favor of females. The size at first sexual maturity (Lm50) was obtained 11. 00 cm for males and 11. 71 cm for females. The seasonal variation in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) indicates that this population has an extended reproduction period, ranging from March to September, with a clear peak in March, followed by a period of sexual rest (October-December), and a period of maturation of the gonads from January through March. Results of this investigation provided insights for better management practices for this specie.

International Criminal law has developed vertically and horizontally. One of the main achievements in the development is establishing international criminal courts. Senegal's court, established in 2012, to prosecute President Hissène Habré can be considered as one of the newest third generation of the Criminal Court. This branch is established under an agreement between the Government of Senegal and the African Union for the trial of former Chadian President Hissène Habré. This study seeks to analyze the origins and causes of the establishment and competence.

Cadmium is one of the most important environmental pollutants that may enter the bodies of fish through the food chain and affect their physiology. The purpose of this study is to use gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) as a food supplement to mitigate the toxicity of cadmium chloride in common carp. In this study, fish were fed a diet containing gum Arabic at two concentrations: 5 and 10 grams, along with cadmium chloride at two concentrations: 100 and 200 mg per kilogram for 28 days. Then, the activity of plasma enzymes and biochemical parameters were evaluated as biomarkers of fish health. The results showed that exposure to cadmium significantly increased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase in fish plasma, while the administration of gum Arabic was able to restore the activity of these enzymes to normal levels. Furthermore, cadmium exposure increased blood glucose, triglyceride, urea, and creatinine concentrations, while total protein and albumin concentrations decreased. Feeding fish with a gum Arabic supplement could adjust the levels of these parameters, although its effect on biochemical parameters was dose-dependent. Therefore, the administration of gum Arabic could have a protective effect against cadmium toxicity in carp fish.

Organizational structure, along with goals, human resources and technology, is among the major elements of an organization. Hence, its study and analysis lead to more fundamental transformations and finally increase of organizational capabilities. In current research, organizational structure of Geological Survey of Iran (GSI) is studied and analyzed, aiming to identify the GSI status quo and provide it with an ideal structural model. To achieve desirable goals, an extensive literature review has been carried out. Then, a qualitative research methodology has been adopted and relevant data have been collected. All data have been triangulated using three different procedures: library research, conducting interviews with GSI skilled experts and studying on the organizational structures of 45 geological surveys. The comparative study on the structures of geological surveys has shown that the average number of levels in organizational hierarchy is 3.08 and the average number of major departments at the top organizational level is 6.4. These numbers for GSI are respectively 3 and 11. Furthermore, about 78% of geological surveys in the world use functional departmentation.With the help of the findings of this study, an adhocratic organizational structure has been suggested for GSI. Furthermore, some changes have been proposed to the current structure of GSI, such as separation of institutional and technical sections and use of matrix departmentation for project-based departments. To practically enjoy new structure, some changes to the nature of financial processes and establishment of a project management center for coordination of activities in project-based and functional departments have been suggested too.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effi cacy of Rituximab in the management of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) based on the following criteria: (I) Biological remission at three months (M3) and six months (M6); (II) change in mean proteinuria (24PU), mean serum albumin, and mean serum creatinine at M3 and M6; (III) and side eff ects. Methods: This retrospective descriptive and analytical study included patients with histologically confi rmed IMN with positive plasma anti-PLA2R antibodies who received at least one dose of Rituximab after six months of follow-up without spontaneous remission. Patients with unexplainable records were not included. Results: A total of fi ve patients (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5), including four males and one female were analyzed. The mean age was 44. 20  23. 14 years. All patients had IMN type 2. At inclusion, the mean albuminemia, mean creatinine, and mean 24hPU levels were 15. 56  5. 27 g/L, 17. 3  7. 6 mg/L, and 6. 54  1. 13 g/24h, respectively. The median anti-PLA2R antibody titer was 100 IU with extremes of 10 and 800 IU. Partial remission was noted in three patients at M3 (P2, P4, and P5), and it was maintained until M6 in P2. No complete remission was observed. A signifi cant decrease in mean 24hPU at M3 was noted (P < 0. 001). Generalized pruritus associated with seizures was noticed in P4 after the fi rst dose of Rituximab. Conclusions: Partial remission was noted in three patients at M3, and one patient maintained this remission at M6. Rituximab signifi cantly reduced 24hPU at M3 after administration. Rituximab administration was well tolerated by the patients.